You. Alternatively, let’s say the running count is +20, and there 5 decks left in the shoe. Blackjack charts can drop the house edge to 0. Even the difference between using a full deck divisor or a quarter-deck divisor. The first represents changes in wagering habits. The BJA chart is for common 4+ decks, H17 games. Rules for my casino are 8deck H17 DaS no surrender 75-80%pen. A deviation that is often used is doubling down on a hard 12 when the dealer is weak. The first step in using a blackjack chart is to determine your playing style. The lowest hand you can get is two points (two aces). 14, in general. You need to surrender, if your hand is 14, the dealer's upcard is 10 and your true count is +4. Stake Originals were designed to be easy to use, fun to play and provide a social casino experience! Some of our favorites include Dice , Plinko , Mines , Crash , Limbo , Hilo , Keno , Wheel and more - including the popular Stake Original, Tome of Life . How do. Using basic strategy will typically lower the house edge. . The vast majority of your winnings come from betting big when the count is good. reKO (ridiculously easy KO) is a substantially simplified version. Blog When to deviate from blackjack basic strategy Updated January 25, 2023 Blackjack players are taught that playing basic strategy is the only way to go. 12 vs 6. Dealer 10 Vs. . Always stand on hard 13 when the dealer shows 2-6. Play Structure. com This appendix presents information pertinent to the standard deviation in blackjack. I have a chart with the deviations I want to use, but I'm having trouble getting the deviation numbers to stick in my mind. However the ratio of average money lost to average money wagered in Caribbean stud is only 2. These cross over for most variants of standard 1, 2, 6 and 8 deck games. You play for a total of 100 hours and your expectation for those 100 hours is $2,500. Blackjack Appendix 9 — Five decks, dealer hits on soft 17, no hole card. Double soft 17 always. When to stop using the basic playing strategy and make a deviation. The value of a hand is the sum of the point values of the individual cards. Other card counting strategies: • The KO method follows the same strategy as the Hi-Lo method, but the 7s are worth +1. How We HelpBlackjack Deviation Chart, Galen Cranston Poker, Miami Magic Casino Events, Que Es Bad Poker Face, Jokers Wild Texas Holdem, Slot Online Dragon 222, Lightning Roulette India stockmarketafterhours 4. The basic blackjack strategy involves various moves, such as standing when your hand value is 12–16 when the dealer has 2–6 and hitting if your hand is 12–16 when the dealer has 7–ace. Otherwise, the player loses the BBJ bet. · Blackjack (a Ten card and an Ace dealt as the first 2 cards) is paid at 1 to 1. $8,281. 1 Deck 4 Decks 6 Decks 8 Decks. May 7, 2006. , and hit on -5, -6, -7, etc. Rank 8 sats 12 v 4 on TC 3 becomes stand instead of hit but I thought basic strategy days 12 C 4 is already a stand. A gambling casino records and plots the mean daily gain or loss from five blackjack tables on an x chart. Ever wondered how professional blackjack players consistently win big? The secret lies in mastering the art of card counting and utilizing a powerful tool known as the blackjack deviation chart. 1M Downloads. 14. In both cases, an A stands for ace. Against 7,8. hard 14-16. Playing and Betting Deviations. You can play a winning game entirely using basic strategy and proper bets. standard for ckjack deviation chart blackjack deviation chart how. You should take the true count (example +2) then deduct 1 betting unit (example, $25). Any decks, it can be single, double, 4-8, keep it simple. Nevertheless, this system could not be called the only one used by these clever and outstanding people. The fun isn't just the slots though. I just finished perfecting my basic strategy, bed spread/deviations and card counting skills (I use Hi-Lo) and decided it's time to start using playing deviations. Hard 9 will double against 3-6. Read more. The * is explained below and it says surrender if the count is less than the index number, in this case 2. 【blackjack deviation chart】 time: 2023-10-14 12:25:32source： elon cryptocurrency news author: news This blackjack deviation chart shows grade level based on the word's complexity. Why Learn From Blackjack Apprenticeship? Our drills are designed by pros that have taken casinos for millions. This is the chart I'm referencing, just want to make sure I'm reading it right. PRO TIP:When reading blackjack deviations, it is important to remember that the deviation is from the basic strategy and not from the house edge. the most common rule deviations pertain to the number of. That's a serious disadvantage. Chart blackjack deviation strategy deviations basic counting card casino games. These charts slightly vary for optimum performance on a game to game basis. Blackjack chartsBlackjack strategy card printable win every betting chart table want know play tips strategies guide deck casino game hands poker Blackjack strategy chartsBlackjack strategies. Charts-All of our charts printed on glossy card stock, used to master basic strategy, and both S17 and H17 deviation charts. Against 3,4,5,6. 5%, depending on the table rules. is a set of playing variations, e. From 2 to Ace. Again, the same rules apply to both variations. Basic strategy deviations chart need help understanding. Hand Value AssessmentYou can't beat blackjack without card counting. Of the 48 squares in blackjack charts which advise you to double, 38 occur when the dealer has 6 or less. Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Plan B and other Reports Graduate Studies 5-2014 The Expected Value of an Advantage Blackjack playerFor example, when you want to play online blackjack in full screen mode or on mobile. On top of the blackjack strategy charts above, here are a few additional rules to remember: Surrender if you have a 16 and the dealer is showing a 10. First time casino players can bet up to $100 RISK-FREE on American Blackjack! If you lose, you will be refunded the amount as a Casino Bonus with a 40x rollover requirement. Blackjack standard deviation details; 5: Infinite deck expected return by player hand and dealer upcard. So here are the confidence intervals on the expected win for 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations:A slot’s biggest selling point aside from the jackpot, RTP, and overall theme are the bonus features. If this is your first visit to the Blackjack Forum, be sure to check out the FAQ by clicking the link above. 5. A standard basic strategy chart can only provide you with the strategy for one set of rules, such as dealer hits on soft 17, limiting your mastery to just one game. discover the best slot machine games, types, jackpots, free games. You must split for the same amount of money as your original wager. 5 4. Blackjackinfo Store. Playing online blackjack for free also helps you to develop your strategy without risking your own cash. You don't always double; you double if the TC>=-1. The steps shown in each chart are actions that grant you higher blackjack odds of winning that specific hand. When the count is +3 or higher, you’ll bet $20. So 2- 1 is 1, so you should bet 1 unit per hand, so $25. Fab Four Basic Strategy Variation. An average of 8. Deviations are often used to take advantage of certain situations where you may have an edge over the house. H17 DEVIATION CHART Red Numbers indicate the index that the true count must meet to deviation from basic strategy `+` after the index number indicates the deviation happens at that true count and above `-` after the index number indicates the devation happens at the true count and below 0-indicates the deviation happens at any negative running. Following are some actual places that offer or have offered double exposure, the specific rules, and house edge. For example, 16/2=8,. ” Last updated: August 13, 2019 On this page 4-Deck to 8-Deck Blackjack Strategy Introduction To use the basic strategy, look up your hand along the left vertical edge and the dealer's up card along the top. 027. Player’s hand is shown vertically on the left side of the chart. The probability of a blackjack in a single deck game is 4*16/combin (52,2) = 64/1326. READING THE BASIC STRATEGY CHART (S) Dealer’s up-card is shown along the top of the chart. So to know how much you should wager, it’s simple. Taking insurance at T3 and standing on a 16v10 if surrender isn’t available is 40% of the deviation advantage for. For a bet spread of 1-8 units, the player should bet 1 unit at a true count of +1, 2 units at +2, 4 units at +3 and 8 units at +4 or higher. In the current article we present the relative value of the Blackjack Wonging style of play, given a number of circumstances. Most of us also begin our journey at shoe games, where deviations aren't worth much anyway, so don't bother memorizing anything but the easiest ones. Mar 26, 2014 Standard deviation and its effect on blackjack. refers to the game of 21, but also refers to a natural total of 21 on the first two cards. com investigates! We bring you a comprehensive guide into blackjack deviations, where we show you why they matter and how to do deviations in blackjack. This handy resource is crucial for optimal gameplay, allowing you to adjust your betting and decision-making based on the current card count. time:2023-10-11 21:08:17. High-Low Point Values. In Caribbean stud poker, for example, the house edge is 5. Texas v. No charts or strategies guarantee a win. ) and that's frustating. For winning hands, each "free bet" button is replaced with real chips equaling the original wager. It is for single deck and intended for use with the Zen Count. Always hit hands less than 9 unless otherwise indicated. Individual_Day_8919 • 9 mo. READING THE BASIC STRATEGY CHART (S) Dealer’s up-card is shown along the top of the chart. Most of the casino's in my area are shoe H17, no surrender games. · Both dealer cards are dealt face-up. Blackjack Basic Strategy Deviation Chart. Aug 25, 2021 · Understanding Bar Graphs and Pie Charts how many cards are black in a deck 9:36 How to. Você pode jogar jogos de cassino como caça-níqueis, blackjack, roleta, poker e mais. pete2000 New Member HOW TO USE THE BLACKJACK STRATEGY CHARTS AND TABLES. From top to bottom are the hard totals, soft totals, and splittable hands. Anybody have or know where I could find a deviation chart for single and double deck?? comment sorted by Best Top New Controversial Q&A Add a Comment. I found a chart on the internet which has incorrect deviation numbers, and I followed that chart playing for a week. Spanish 21 = Hit; Regular blackjack = Split; These are just some of the many situations where Spanish 21 and common blackjack differ. I’m not saying I’ve got the nerve to try it but was wondering if anyone had. A short video about when to deviate from Blackjack basic strategy when utilizing a Hi Lo countLearn basic strategy, how to count, and if there are games with. 04%. Blackjack is an enormously popular card game, with millions of fans playing it online across the globe. Our final tip to play perfect 6 deck blackjack strategy centres around the most important point we have to make. And if you are serious about beating blackjack, then you will want to learn card counting. hard 12. Likewise, a $10 bet from back then is now worth more than $30. This is called “standard deviation”, and it explains why some people walk away from the roulette table as winners. h17 expanded deviation chart. Fortaleza. HiLo Four Deck H17 Indices along with basic strategy for both 6D and 2D. + Practice Game. The house edge exists so the casino stays in business, because casino games are. In the June 1995 issue of Blackjack Forum, I suggested that it would be helpful to basic strategy blackjack players to print detailed risk charts indicating standard deviation (fluctuation) for flat betting when playing basic strategy. Follow Hard 17 across to the only entry on that line, which is A-h17. For "H17 deviations - Again, they missed 17vA and. Exclusive 🧙 $ 400. 21/6) KO performance varies from 99. More specifically, if the count is +4 or higher, you should stand. The chart below provides you with an easy reference for how to count cards using different card counting systems. However I'm looking for 8deck specific deviations for basic strategy. Mark Forums ReadH17 blackjack strategy table. Blackjack (formerly black jack and vingt-un) is a casino banking game. Betting Deviations. Blackjack deviations chart pngs for single, double & 4-8 decks. The approximate standard deviation (SD) figures for the play-all style approach with ordinary bet spreads are as follows: 1. So 2- 1 is 1, so you should bet 1 unit per hand, so $25. 6 deck h17 hard hit/stand. Instead, players use blackjack deviation charts to navigate the deviant waters of blackjack, and each move is calculated and chosen as the best alternative in a given situation. I've pretty much completely memorized the BJA H17 basic strategy deviation chart, but I have a feeling the chart oversimplifies the correct plays in certain situations, as I've browsed forums and tried some different software where additional deviations are argued for. 0- indicates the deviation happens at any. "Expected payout" is the amount of money (as a percentage) that you might expect to win back when betting on blackjack. We have used mathematical probabilities to work out the best moves to make. Dealer pushes on 22. Basic Strategy Deviation Chart. Blackjack Deviation Chart Printable The following color-coded charts summarize the double down basic strategy for Double Deck and 4/6/8 Decks with S17, followed by Double- and 4/6/8-Deck with H17. Such analysis requires knowing all possible outcomes, which is in turn a function of the rules of the game being played, including how many decks are in play. You can play a winning game entirely using basic strategy and proper bets. Blackjack Basic Strategy for Cryptologic Software. Putyin bitcoin Illustrious 18 blackjack deviations. LCB tested their withdrawal process and faced many issues, full story HERE. 16 vs. Check out the blackjack basic strategy calculator for any number of decks or any set of rules, along with recommendations for best online casinos for bonuses…. ) Insurance: Insure at +3 or higher. Damn! Can someone tell me the the 100% accurate deviation numbers for this rule: 6 Deck, Dealer hits on soft 17, DOA, No Surrender. VAVEL, um jornal pensando diferente Jul 18, 2022 · França x Holanda: saiba onde assistir ao jogo da. 777 300er airways pngfindBritish airways airlines aircraft seatmaps 777 boeing airways british seat seatguru class map seating 200 chart 300 772 airlines air club three v1 200lr four777 boeing airways seat british 200 map seats class 200er plane seating 772 airlines cabin er layout chart fleet four. make the most of every hand by altering the basic strategy. The specific rules are as follows: Six decks (this chart is also accurate for 4 or 8 decks) Dealer stands on soft 17. Blackjack seminar - top online slots casinos for 2022 1 guide to playing real money slots online. Avoiding Casino Detection. Blackjack Deviation Chart, Stuur Op Slot, Stephen Flavall Poker, Casino Niagara Coach Tours, United States Gambling Stats, Phone Number Jack Casino, Is The Slime Casino Game Rigged gunshirtshop 4. Additionally, you should always double on an 11 versus a dealer’s 2–1 and split aces and 8s. Craps assumes player bets pass line and full 3-4-5x odds only. 2. Blackjack Strategy Chart Of course, the structure of the basic strategy depends on the appropriate rules being played. Card counting is a blackjack strategy used to determine whether the player or the dealer has an advantage on the next hand. List out all S17 deviations. The charts are, unfortunately, sloppy and more complicated than they need to be. Our drills are designed by pros that have taken casinos for millions. Player’s hand is shown vertically on the left side of the chart. S17 stands for dealer stands on 17, DAS is double after split and LS is late surrender. Always stand on soft 19 and up. This video shows a deviation expectation table for a blackjack card counter. a7 vs a. For example, the K-O system has a 1 point value for 2s, 3s, 4s, 5s, 6s, and 7s with a 0 on 8s and 9s. To use the basic strategy, look up your hand along the left vertical edge and the dealer's up card along the top. Blackjack. g. You then have the opportunity to win more money, either through free spins, a minigame, or selecting a hidden prize. Blackjack Payout Chart Another thing I can't understand is, if you look at blackjack apprenticeship basic strategy deviation chart I linked above is when it says for example, 3+/6+ to split 99 against dealer's 7. A natural blackjack is only 4. List out all s17 deviations. . 5%. 22%, which is close to that of double zero roulette at 5. The basic strategy for Multiple-Action blackjack (and similar games) is the same as regular blackjack. pete2000. Hi all. And a card counter will learn a handful of “deviations” from basic strategy. For the Basic Strategy chart, I e-mailed them and they said: "Our basic strategy chart is one chart that is intended to be used as a starting point for playing the average 6 deck game, so we clarify the differences between H17 and S17 in the deviation charts. And then there are DD games with another set of basic strategy and deviation rules. How to count cards in blackjackBlackjack basic strategy card count : blackjack card counting the Play blackjack: black jack cardReading blackjack charts – strategies & guides. A Soft hand cannot bust if you take one card more. Player may split once only (compared to infinite): -0. This is a strategy chart for when your hand has a ‘soft’ value (the Ace is worth 11). com Blackjack basic strategy standard deviationBlackjack counting card strategy basic deviations chart deviation number winning advanced. Blackjack Switch, Spanish 21), the true count also serves a strategic purpose: the AP has mid-hand decisions to make (stand, hit, double, split, surrender) that vary based on the true count. These are usually triggered when three or more “scatter” symbols appear on the reels. i'm. Surrender 16 v 9 and surrender 15 v T. A blackjack deviations chart is a tool that can help you make the correct decisions when playing blackjack by accounting for the true count of the deck. 50, $14,930. A gambling casino records and plots the mean daily gain or loss from five blackjack tables on an x chart. It assumes the player is following basic strategy in a cut card game. Blackjack deviations chart Interpreting are my casino results fair calculator. If I can get the charts I asked for, I will show the updated chart. discover the best slot machine games, types, jackpots, free games. Jan 7, 2021. Are people actually. blackjack usually. The basic strategy for Multiple-Action blackjack (and similar games) is the same as regular blackjack. This actually increases the house edge, but the bonus payouts bring the favor back to the player. So the probability of four in a row is (64/1326) 4 = 16777216/ 3091534492176 = 1 in 184270. Only pair of 8 against upcard T has the opposite direction (going down instead of going up like all other indexes). See full list on casinosrealmoney. Blackjack tabelle strategie 888casino strategien tabella s17 tabela spel jogar tabellUnderstanding blackjack basic strategy| casinoinsider. Perfect Blackjack Strategy: 15 Charts to Help You Master tI made this division chart to help my spouse practice division for 6 deck game, anyone finds it helpful can use it to aid your division ability. 4. Blackjack house edge assumes six decks, dealer hits soft 17, blackjack pays 3 to 2, double after split allowed, re-splitting aces allowed, surrender allowed, dealer peeks for blackjack. surrender 15 & 16. With our drills you can build and assess your accuracy with basic strategy, deviations, running count, true count conversion, and even. However, other casinos may offer payout odds of 6:5 or 1:1 (even money). The Blackjack Basic Strategy Engine above provides a simple way to memorize a variety of different profitable decisions, such as when to split, double, surrender, hit, or stand. Card counting deviation charts top. To signal a split, you can point at your. A dollar from 1980 is worth over $3 today when adjusted for inflation. Colin is the author of The 21st Century Card Counter: The Pros' Approach to Beating Blackjack, available now on Amazon and BlackjackApprenticeship. Ex: 16v10 Basic would advise hitting less than zero and standing at zero and above. While the Illustrious 18 are variations to the basic strategy for any blackjack game, the Fab Four are variations to. Hard 17 and above will always stand. Some players have attempted to simplify the Red 7 counting system by giving a value of +0. Top 20 blackjack deviations - top online slots casinos for 2022 1 guide to playing real money slots online. The standard deviation on 300 hands at $10 each would be 300 1/2 * $10 * 1. Blackjack deviations chart - top online slots casinos for 2022 1 guide to playing real money slots online. 3. A7 vs A. 44%. 7 Play Play Blackjack 9. 5 on a 2. Subject. I understand the other deviation indexes, obviously you should deviate when it exceeds the index number, but I don't understand the pair deviation where it. 6 decks-Authentic casino playing cards so you can play from a full 6 deck shoe, just like most casinos use. Blackjack Challenge. Charlotte Knights Seating Chart With Seat Numbers. H17 EXPANDED DEVIATION CHART. 6 stars - 1751 reviewsBlackjack counting card strategy basic deviations chart deviation number winning advancedChart blackjack deviation strategy basic deviations counting card casino vérité software games Blackjack strategy chart basic trainer decks hit split stand double if possible down afterthe blackjack apprenticeship podcast on apple podcasts. Specifically, I'm practicing deviations for S17 shoe games, but it seems like if you really want to be versatile you need to learn at least H17 shoe games. You just need to sign up and deposit to get a ,000 Welcome Bonus. 10%. Simply put, ‘Basic strategy’ is a regimented decision process of how to play each possible hand based on mathematical analysis. 28 betting units will be lost/won 95% of the time within two standard deviations and 3. Read about some other counting systems and. A gambling casino records and plots the mean daily gain or loss from five blackjack tables on an x chart. As the strategy recommends only the best decisions from a mathematical point of view, the blackjack strategy chart is the table that contains all the solutions recommended by blackjack. Each deck is only 48 cards. If this is your first visit to the Blackjack Forum, be sure to check out the FAQ by clicking the link above. Do you need to know card counting deviations in order to beat blackjack? How many are there? Where can you find them?. Uncover the key to success with our essential. I've looked at quite a few charts, but I honestly have no idea how to read them. Stand on 14, 15, and 16 vs dealer 2. tt a, 8 (soft 19) a, 6 (soft 17) hard 16. g. To be a winning player takes 100% accuracy. Red Numbers indicate the index that the true count must meet to deviation from basic strategy. read By Nicholas Colon In Blackjack, Basic Strategy is the series of decisions that a player adheres to so that they can incur the minimal loss of funds over time. "1 2. Introduction to Probability and Statistics (13th Edition) Edit edition Solutions for Chapter 7 Problem 53E: Black Jack A gambling casino records and plots the mean daily gain or loss from five blackjack tables on an ̅x chart. A8 vs 6 is a double, but a stand on any negative running count. That means that 4/10 card counters who play this way will be kissing their bankroll goodbye. se mahjongcomo faço para financiar um lote e construçãoplay blackjack 21 card game online free. Hit 15 vs 10 rather than surrender. If someone can help me that would be great. Player may double on 10-11 only: -1. Blackjack deviations chart. 1 If you have a hand of 12 against the dealer’s 2 in single-deck games, you should stand at a count of +4 or higher; 8. The vast majority of your winnings come from betting big when the count is good. Inflation is largely to blame for this increase. 1 unit average bet. These mobile gambling options work on Android, iPhone and other smartphones, as well as iPads and tablets. Download Blackjack Strategy Charts in PDF / PNG formats. 12 vs 4 is a stand, but a hit on any negative running count. surrender 15 t, t split. A8 vs 6 is a double, but a stand on any negative running count. ago. 85 25 8 72. Always stand on hard 14 when the dealer shows 2-6. Below are its key components: 1. This works fine as long as you’re playing in a game being dealt from a single deck. In other words, there is no single best blackjack cheat sheet: You need to check how many decks are used in the game first and decide accordingly. Win Rates and Standard Deviations used in these calculators can be found in the CVCX Online Viewer. Basic Strategy is the first step to beating blackjack with card counting. 16 vs A. " The nal player on the dealer’s right is the last to get his cards, and is said to be on hird base. I'm posting to check this is correct since I've seen a few variances and conflicting information. Blackjack H17 Deviation Indices . Except, a "blackjack" is the highest hand. For specific tips, we present two charts depending on whether the dealer hits or stands on soft 17. Always stand on hard 12 when the dealer shows 4-6. Roulette Odds and Payouts. Do you like to play conservatively, orThese are the 18 most advantageous deviations from basic strategy, based on the Hi-Lo count. Blackjack strategy chart printable; blackjack strategy deviation charts; encyclopedia of blackjack. - Blackjack deviations chart. Follow the two lines until you reach the cell where they meet. com. It makes sense since if TC is high, higher than the threshold, you want to split, double, surrender and stand. Wager. The following color-coded charts summarize the double down basic strategy for Double Deck and 4/6/8 Decks with S17, followed by Double- and 4/6/8-Deck with H17. Blackjack standard deviation details; 5: Infinite deck expected return by player hand and dealer upcard; 6: Fine points of when to surrender; 7: Effect of card removal;How To Read The Charts. hard 12. Free Blackjack. 00; 3. Normally the odds are 3 to 2 and you would win $3 for every $2 wagered. A,8 (soft 19) A,6 (soft 17) Hard 16. Dealer 10 Vs. In this video you will learn how to play blackjack with playing deviations. Seven seats on macOS. Only players can split, never the dealer. "Optimizing Strategy for a Wagering Requirement "The strategy charts above list the strategy decision (hit, stand, double. The basic strategy differences are also (obviously) index differences. For blackjack and its variants (e. A gambling casino records and plots the mean daily gain or loss from five blackjack tables on an x chart. Remember, in the Hi-Opt I there are multiple cards which cancel each other out. Make sure to check out Vegas World's Tropical Treat, Jewelbox Jackpot Deluxe and Mystic Billions slots games while you're there!. The other 6/10 card counters will hit some positive variance and never look back. . The probability of both getting blackjack is just the probability of the player getting blackjack and the subsequent probability of the dealer also getting blackjack: P both = P blackjack × 3 × 15 ( 50 2). P = Split. The charts even have a copyright date of 2018, so these have been around for a while. Any book on counting. Ten-value cards and aces are counted as -1. Basic Strategy is the first step to beating blackjack with card counting. Charts-All of our charts printed on glossy card stock, used to master basic strategy, and both S17 and H17 deviation charts. H17 DEVIATION CHART Red Numbers indicate the index that the true count must meet to deviation from basic strategy `+` after the index number indicates the deviation. The following basic strategy table is appropriate for European blackjack, at least the variation I saw played in Berlin and Hamburg, and specifically excepting the United Kingdom. Blackjack Basic Strategy Deviations; Blackjack Deviation Chart Printable; Mar 26, 2014. i'm making a basic strategy chart that includes playing deviations in the chart. When do you split a pair of 10s vs 4? True Count ≥ +6. Jack, Queen & King count as 10. #10. Playing deviations Blackjack. Regular blackjack = Hit; Example #3. For example, let’s say you are playing a decent counting game and your hourly EV is $25 an hour. 7 stars - 1505 reviewsIntroduction. this column. .